Full Report:

LAX98GA127 HISTORY OF FLIGHT On March 23, 1998, about 0740 hours Pacific standard time, a Bell 205A-1, N90230, owned by the City of Los Angeles, California, and operated by the Los Angeles City Fire Department (LAFD), experienced the separation of its tail rotor blades and the 90-degree gearbox during cruise flight. A forced landing was initiated, and during the autorotative descent the helicopter collided with trees approximately 1.5 statute miles northwest of its destination, Children's Hospital in Los Angeles, California. The purpose of the flight was to provide air ambulance transportation for a seriously injured passenger. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed, and the LAFD was monitoring the helicopter's flight progress. The public-use helicopter was operated under the provisions of Title 14 CFR Part 91. The helicopter was destroyed upon impacting the terrain, and the commercial certificated pilot and one crewmember were seriously injured. Three additional crewmembers and the passenger sustained fatal injuries. The local area flight originated from the Van Nuys Airport, California, about 0722. Upon dispatch, the helicopter flew about 7 miles northeast and landed about 0731 at the Stonehurst Elementary School playground, near the scene of an automobile traffic accident. At this location, the trauma patient (passenger) was loaded into the helicopter. The pilot took off about 0733. Using the air traffic control call sign "Lifeguard Fire Three," the pilot flew in a south-southeasterly direction past the Burbank Airport while climbing and leveling off between 1,900 and 2,100 feet mean sea level (msl). Recorded radar track data indicates that the helicopter attained a 104-knot average ground speed. Between 0737:17 and 0737:22, while cruising over a heavily wooded mountainous area known as Griffith Park, an event occurred which was manifested by an increase in the helicopter's average ground speed to about 118 knots. Seconds later, between 0737:26 and 0737:45, the helicopter's average speed reduced to between 76 and 84 knots, while descending through its last recorded altitude of 1,400 feet msl. Thereafter, three other pilots and two ground witnesses reported hearing radio transmissions about a helicopter in an emergency or going down in Griffith Park. About 0739 one of these pilots, who was communicating with the Burbank Air Traffic Control Tower, reported hearing an emergency transmission about a helicopter crashing. About 0740, two news media helicopter pilots reported hearing a call from Fire Three that he was experiencing an emergency over Griffith Park. This transmission was followed 20 seconds later with the statement "gonna put it in Griffith Park." Two air support police officers, who were in hangars, heard the following transmissions at 0740: "Fire 3 we have an emergency." During this approximate time, two hikers were on a mountain trail in Griffith Park. They reported hearing two "bangs" and observing components depart the southerly flying helicopter as it passed west of the Griffith Park Planetarium. Additional witnesses reported seeing the helicopter descend down a canyon and collide with a series of trees before crashing in a partial clearing. INJURIES TO PERSONS Two of the six persons onboard the helicopter survived. No one on the ground was injured. PERSONNEL INFORMATION Air Operations Unit Management, Duties & Responsibilities. The Air Operations Unit (AOU) of the LAFD is headed by a commander (manager) who, on a daily basis, is physically located at the airport unit. The commander reports to superior personnel located in the department's downtown Los Angeles headquarters. In brief, the commander is responsible for helicopter operations including planning, scheduling of training, maintaining records, implementing department orders and communicating with his headquarters management. The commander does not possess a pilot certificate. The AOU is staffed on a 24-hour basis with LAFD helicopter pilots. According to the AOU commander, the pilots are responsible for the safety of the helicopter in which they are flying. They are in command of the helicopter, and have the authority to veto any proposed operation, which in the pilot's opinion, would be unsafe. (See the extract from the Air Operations Manual for the statement of pilot responsibility.) Flight Crewmembers. On the accident flight, the helicopter crewmembers consisted of one pilot, two helitacs and two paramedics. The helitacs are trained to serve as helicopter crewmembers. In part, they are responsible for overseeing the safety of the working environment including providing guidance to ground personnel. The paramedics perform emergency medical aid to the patient, if required. Pilot. A review of the pilot's personal flight record logbook indicates that he began primary flight training in July 1990, and he received a private pilot certificate in November, 1990, with an airplane single engine land rating. In June 1993, he began rotorcraft flight training, and 4 months later he was issued a commercial pilot certificate. The pilot subsequently was issued a certified flight instructor certificate with rotorcraft privileges. In October 1995, after principally training in the Robinson R22 and the Bell 206 helicopters, the pilot received his first flight in the Bell 205A-1 (accident) helicopter. The pilot continued receiving LAFD flight training in the helicopter, and the following year he completed the checkout process. By the accident date, the pilot had approximately 1,865 total flight hours, of which about 1,440 hours were flown in rotorcraft. His total experience piloting the Bell 205A-1 helicopter, and his experience flying this model during the 90-day period preceding the accident, were 234 and 15 hours, respectively. Between 1997 and 1998, the pilot received refresher training in emergency procedures including touchdown autorotations and tail rotor failures. On August 4, 1997, the pilot passed an Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) administered proficiency flight check evaluating his knowledge and skill as an air carrier (FAR Part 135) pilot. HELICOPTER INFORMATION Certification and Operations Base. The FAA issued the newly manufactured transport category helicopter, serial number 30221, a standard airworthiness certificate on March 12, 1976. On May 10, 1976, the FAA registered the helicopter in the name of the City of Los Angeles. The helicopter was physically based at the LAFD's Van Nuys Airport Air Operations Unit, which is adjacent to the Los Angeles City Helicopter Operations and Maintenance Facility. The Los Angeles City Director of General Services and maintenance facility management reported that the helicopter was maintained in accordance with FAA regulations including Bell's service bulletins. Helicopter Modifications and Utilization. The Los Angeles City maintenance participant reported that the helicopter's interior had never undergone a major modification or overhaul. An external, belly-mounted, water tank had been installed on the bottom of the helicopter. According to the LAFD, the helicopter was principally used for fire-fighting (water drops) and other activities such as flight and swift water rescue training. Secondarily, it was used as an air ambulance, although it had not been configured with any equipment for such usage. During the accident flight, emergency medical equipment for the care of the patient that the LAFD had required, by policy, to be onboard was not carried. (See the L.A. County Prehospital Care Policy Manual for the list of required equipment absent from helicopter.) Tail Rotor Design and Yoke Straightness. The Bell Helicopter participant reported that the company had designed the tail rotor assembly of the helicopter with two tail rotor blades. The blades are bolted to a yoke that holds them together. The yoke assembly is mounted onto the output drive shaft of the tail rotor's 90-degree gearbox, which rotates the yoke. The yoke is referred to as a flex-beam yoke. A portion of the yoke is referred to as the "flexure." This portion accommodates movement or flapping of the tail rotor blades during in-flight rotation. Additionally, the yoke can flex under certain ground operations, and when exposed to adverse environmental conditions. Bell personnel verbally reported to the National Transportation Safety Board investigator during a March 26, 1998, telephone conference, that when bending loads are applied to the yoke which exceed its design strength, its relative "straightness" may be altered, and the yoke's anticipated infinite service life will be reduced. Bell Helicopter initially placed a retirement life limit of 4,000 hours on the yoke. Bell personnel further reported that following a review of the service history and fatigue evaluation data for this model yoke, and with FAA approval, the yoke's retirement life was increased to 5,000 hours. This action occurred in October 1989. Alert Service Bulletin. Bell issued an Alert Service Bulletin (ASB), number 205-96-68, dated August 1, 1996, which was pertinent to the yokes installed in all model 205A-1 helicopters between serial number 30001 and 30228, having a time since new greater than zero hours. In summary, Bell indicated that if the yoke encountered adverse bending loads during specific ground handling or in-flight conditions, it could flex and become deformed. Bell provided the following description of events about which it was concerned: "...When not turning, the tail rotor yoke flexure is susceptible to static overload if it is loaded by external bending forces. Examples of bending loads include high wind gusts (such as those from prop blast), improper ground handling (where the tail rotor blade has been used as a hand hold), improper feathering bearing removal (where the yoke assembly is not properly supported when pressing out bearings), or a static ground strike of some type (such as it being struck by a vehicle). An overload may also occur dynamically during a power-on or off sudden stoppage incident or hard landing." In the ASB, Bell recommended that the tail rotor blades be secured when exposed to wind gusts in excess of 45 knots. It also issued the following warning statement: "Do not exceed load and/or deflection limits during tiedown procedures for tail rotor. Maximum load allowable at blade tip is 50 lbs." Bell opined that an undamaged yoke "is reliable for its full retirement life." Notwithstanding the yoke's "reliability," Bell designed the ASB to ferret out if the aforementioned conditions had occurred. It prescribed a procedure combining a historical record review, performance of a dimensional (straightness) inspection check and subsequent recurring inspections for evidence of excessive flapping. The requisite yoke examination procedures directed mechanics to use a Bell-supplied tool, called a "fixture set," during the dimensional testing, and to follow specific procedures described in the ASB. (See the Alert Service Bulletin for complete details, including a drawing of the yoke and the dimensional testing equipment.) Yoke History, Maintenance and Trunnion Flapping Stops. A review of the helicopter's maintenance records and pilot squawk sheets indicates that since manufacture, the helicopter was maintained and operated by Los Angeles City personnel. The City indicated that it had performed annual inspections and maintenance in follow-up to FAA requirements, manufacturer's recommendations, and pilot squawks. The accident yoke, P/N 212-010-744-5, S/N JIDA-2193, was installed by Bell in 1975 upon manufacture of the helicopter. It remained in use until June 16, 1993, when it was removed for overhaul at a total helicopter (and yoke) time of 3,996.7 hours. The helicopter continued in service with another yoke. On August 2, 1996, the accident yoke was removed from storage and Bell's ASB, Part 1 record review, and the Part 2 dimensional (straightness) check were accomplished. The Los Angeles City participant reported that, following the completed examination, the records indicated the yoke was returned to storage as a usable part. On July 25, 1997, the accident yoke was removed from storage and reinstalled on the helicopter. Between August and October, 1997, the yoke's trunnion assembly flapping stops, P/N 212-010-738-001, were visually inspected five times for deformation. (According to the inspection process listed in Part 3 of the ASB, if the stops were found bent, the yoke had been exposed to excessive bending (flapping) loads and must be discarded.) On January 12, 1998, the helicopter received an annual inspection at a total time of 5,097.0 hours, and the flapping stops were again examined for deformation signatures. None of the maintenance records indicated that the flapping stops were bent. The helicopter continued in service until the accident at which time the helicopter and accident yoke had total times of about 5,114.6 and 4,113.4 hours, respectively. In summary, the accident occurred about 886.6 hours prior to the yoke's 5,000-hour mandatory retirement life. At the time of the crash, the yoke had accumulated about 116.7 hours since undergoing the ASB 205-96-68 Part 2 inspection for straightness, and about 17.6 hours since it was last visually examined pursuant to the ASB for evidence of excessive tail rotor flapping. METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION The closest aviation weather observation station is at the Burbank Airport, about 6 miles from the accident site. During the 1-hour period before and after the accident, Burbank reported 20 miles visibility, clear sky, and calm wind. AIDS TO NAVIGATION According to FAA records of facility operation, all electronic aids to navigation pertinent to the helicopter's route of flight were functional. COMMUNICATION The Burbank Air Traffic Control Tower was the only FAA facility that recorded communications from the accident helicopter. Burbank's audiotape was reviewed by the FAA and LAFD participants. In summary, they reported that nothing unusual was noted with either the pilot's communications, which sounded routine, or in the background noise during the transmissions. None of the airborne or ground witnesses reported having recorded the accident pilot's transmissions. WRECKAGE AND IMPACT INFORMATION Three separated components from the helicopter were found along the flight path leading to the main wreckage. The two separated tail rotor blades, with the associated yoke onto which they were bolted, and the 90-degree gearbox were found about 1 mile north of the main wreckage. The second rotor blade was found on a road. All of the components were within 0.1 mile of each other. Along a southerly track within about 220 feet north of the main wreckage, severed tree trunks and felled limbs were noted over the down sloping terrain. The estimated elevation of the topped trees was 701, 667, 641, and 638 feet msl. About 75 feet northeast of the main wreckage a portion of one main rotor blade was observed suspended by tree limbs, about 60 feet above ground level. The main wreckage was found east of the intersection of Red Oak and Fern Dell Drives, at an elevation of about 588 feet msl. The helicopter was observed in the following approximate attitude: 26 degrees nose (pitch) down, 125 degrees left bank (slightly upside-down) and on a southeasterly magnetic heading of 130 degrees. The helicopter was partially straddling a concrete retaining wall separating a grassy parkway and an asphalt footpath, west of the Fern Dell Creek. A visual examination around the perimeter of the wreckage revealed no evidence of skid marks or any secondary impact crater. The entire right side sliding door, with its attached emergency egress window panels, was found separated from the helicopter. According to the LAFD, upon responding to the crash scene its personnel were unable to slide the door open. To gain entrance they ultimately pulled the entire door off the side of the cabin. The Safety Board investigator noted that the locking pins, which secure the exit windows to the doorframe, were found in the locked position, and the plastic shield covering the emergency release handle was still in place. Upon testing the release mechanism's functionality, no discrepancies were noted. (See the Safety Board's photographs of the door and exit window opening instructions.) The helicopter was initially inspected on-scene and then a detailed examination was performed following its recovery. The front, left side of the helicopter was observed crushed inward where it had been in contact with the retaining wall and ground. The left pilot seat and floor area were found destroyed, and most of the left forward nose section of the fuselage was observed compressed into this area. The left side of the cabin was also observed crushed inward and the cabin floor buckled upward. The right side was comparatively intact with no evidence of ground impact signatures. (See the Bell participant's report for specific deformation measurements, and the Safety Board's Survival Factors Group Chairman's Factual Report for additional data.) Under the direction of Safety Board staff, the investigation team examined the helicopter's various structural components and systems including the flight control, power train, and transmission. With the exception of the separated tail rotor blades and associated 90-degree gearbox, the FAA airworthiness inspector and the Bell participant verbally reported that no anomalies were noted. All observed damage appeared to be impact-related. (See the Bell participant's Wreckage Investigation Summary for additional details.) FIRE A localized area of partially melted aluminum was noted in the vicinity of the engine's exhaust and adjacent cowling which appeared charred. There was no evidence of soot streams aft of the exhaust, parallel to the helicopter's longitudinal axis. MEDICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL INFORMATION, INJURIES Pilot Injuries, Survivor. The LAFD personnel reported that the right front-seated pilot sustained numerous serious injuries. Injuries to his head included multiple facial fractures, a basal skull fracture and a concussion. Routine toxicology tests on the pilot were ordered. Management at the Los Angeles County Medical Center, Department of Laboratories and Pathology, acknowledged that due to mislabeling of the pilot's specimen, all tests were subsequently canceled. Helitac Injuries, Survivor. The left, rear seated helitac sustained numerous serious injuries. Injuries to his head included multiple facial fractures, a forehead avulsion, and an eye injury. Helitac and Paramedic Injuries, Deceased. A review of injury data provided by the LAFD and by the Los Angeles County Department of Coroner, revealed that the two paramedics, who were seated between the helitacs, and the right-seated helitac, sustained fatal head injuries. Autopsy records indicated that body weights for the three fatally injured crewmembers were 180, 190, and 240 pounds, respectively, from the right outboard to the inboard seat locations. The LAFD estimated that with equipment and clothing, their weights increased about 12, 7, and 15 pounds, respectively. Patient Injuries, Deceased. A review of autopsy records revealed the patient sustained multiple injuries due to blunt force trauma. An examination of the wooden flat (stretcher) onto which the patient had been strapped revealed it was cracked at numerous locations. The patient's head had been located nearest the left side of the helicopter. SURVIVAL ASPECTS Shoulder Harness Installation. Bell reported that it did not incorporate shoulder harnesses in the design of the restraint system for the forward-facing rear seats on which the helitacs and paramedics were seated. Shoulder harnesses were not required for passenger seating until a change in the Federal Aviation Regulations mandated that all aircraft manufactured after September 16, 1992 were to have a shoulder restraint installed at each seat. The LAFD management verbally reported that it had not requested the City maintenance facility to install shoulder harnesses for the forward-facing rear seats. Upon initial questioning, neither management at the LAFD or at the City maintenance facility was aware that shoulder harnesses for this seat were available for purchase in the open market. Lap Belt Usage. During the examination of the wreckage, lap belts were observed installed at all crewmember seat positions, and the pilot was found to have been secured to his seat with a lap belt and a shoulder harness. Based upon witness statements, a review of medical reports and an examination of the lap belts and related supporting structure, the LAFD opined that all occupants were likely lap-belted into their respective seats at the time of impact, with the possible exception of the left, rear-seated surviving helitac. During an interview with the helitac, he indicated that seconds before the crash he had released his lap belt and moved forward to attend to the patient in front of him. The helitac had no memory of returning to his seat or resecuring his lap belt. Crewmember Helmets, Usage Policy and Availability. The AOU commander verbally reported that pilots had been directed not to transport crewmembers (which include paramedics) unless the helicopter was equipped with helmets for each crewmember. Also, two paramedics were required to accompany a patient. The LAFD reported that in preparation for the accident flight, no helmets had been placed in the helicopter for the paramedics' usage, and they were not wearing helmets at the time of the accident. The AOU commander provided the Safety Board investigator with documents regarding the LAFD's helmet usage policy and a helmet acquisition request. The AOU policy required pilots, helitacs and paramedic (EMS) crewmembers, to wear flight helmets while engaged in helicopter operations. Management reported that, in theory, helmets were available for all crewmembers. However, in practice, they were not always used. On April 22, 1998, the AOU commander verbally reported to the Safety Board investigator that the pilot was ultimately responsible for ensuring all required helmets were on board the helicopter. He also indicated that the pilot had evidently not ensured the paramedics' helmets were carried during the accident flight. In a written statement subsequently received, the commander reported that he shared responsibility with the pilot for the helmets' unavailability. Helmet Style and Manufacturer. During the accident flight, the pilot was wearing a model HGU-55/P (also known as a model HGU-55) helmet, and the helitacs were wearing model SPH-5 helmets. Principal components (shells, energy absorbing liners) of the helmets had been manufactured by Gentex Corporation, Carbondale, Pennsylvania, and sold to the LAFD by Flight Suits, El Cajon, California. The LAFD reported that its records indicate the HGU-55 helmet was ordered from Flight Suits in April 1995. The SPH-5 helmets were received from Flight Suits in December 1997. Gentex personnel confirmed that, based upon its examination of the helmets, the HGU-55 helmet was manufactured in 1995. The SPH-5 helmets were manufactured in 1997. Appropriateness of Helmets and Acquisition Request. In May 1997, Flight Suits corresponded with the AOU commander and reported that its firm had recently commenced placing "warning stickers" on the HGU-55 helmets in follow-up to its receipt of a similar warning from Gentex Corporation. According to Flight Suits, the SPH-5 helmet offers "significantly better impact protection...than fixed-wing helmets." Flight Suits additionally reported that "the purpose of the sticker, label, and stamp, are to ensure that you are formally warned that the...HGU-55 helmet is not recommended for use in helicopters." In September 1997, the AOU commander wrote to his headquarters management staff and requested funding for the purchase of new helmets. The AOU commander indicated that the helmets currently in use by the AOU "are not rated by the manufacturer for helicopter use...(and) in order to provide maximum pilot safety . . . the helmets . . . need to be upgraded to helicopter rated models." At the time of the accident, the requested acquisition was still being processed. During the 3-week period that followed the accident, the Safety Board investigator performed random checks of helmets available for use by LAFD's pilots. According to one senior helicopter pilot, his helmet bore the aforementioned warning sticker, and he continued to wear it. The Safety Board investigator examined his helmet and observed it was prominently labeled with the following statement: "Warning Use in fixed-wing aircraft only." Occupant Seat Positions. During the accident flight, the pilot was located in the front, right seat. The two helitacs were seated in the rear-most, forward facing bench seat, one adjacent to the left sliding cabin door, and one adjacent to the right sliding cabin door. The paramedics were located on the same bench seat next to, but inboard of, the helitacs. The patient was strapped onto a backboard, which was secured to a flat. The flat was secured to the aft-facing seats using the existing helicopter lap belts. The patient was located directly in front of the helitacs and paramedics. Airframe Deformation and Lap Belt Anchor Point Separations. The Safety Board's Survival Factors Group Chairman documented airframe deformation signatures in concert with the separation of lap belts and their supporting seat structure. The observed floor-level crush line was recorded and diagrammed. Its appearance looked consistent with the helicopter's angle of impact with the ground. Roof structure was also found crushed at an angle that was similar to the deformation of the floor structure. Additional impact damage was noted to the seats, structure and equipment inside the cabin. The pilot's seat was found attached to the helicopter floor structure. The right side of the lap belt, at its anchor point, was found separated from the seat frame tube, which was observed bent and fractured. The Bell-designed five-place forward-facing passenger bench seat assembly, on which the helitacs and paramedics had been located, was found mounted directly in front of the main transmission bulkhead. The transmission was found separated and deformed downward and forward into the front transmission housing panel. This panel was observed deformed forward, into the cabin, and the roof structure directly above the front transmission wall was destroyed. The center (unoccupied) bench seat position was designed to be attached to the transmission island bulkhead and to the cabin floor. The outboard ends of the five-place seat were designed to be mounted to vertical stanchions. The bottom of the stanchions was designed to be attached to a floor fitting; the top was designed to be attached to a ceiling fitting. According to Bell, the stanchions relied on the cabin structural integrity to maintain their position between the ceiling and the floor of the cabin. If the floor or roof of the helicopter shifts from its original position, a stanchion may separate from its attachment mounts. In part, the cabin examination revealed that the left seat stanchion, located in a heavily impact-damaged area of the cabin, had separated from its ceiling and floor mounts and was bent inward and upward. The cabin floor beneath the stanchion was observed compressed inboard and buckled aft. The examination of the right seat stanchion revealed it was located in an area having no observable floor deformation. It was found separated from its floor mount; the recessed cabin floor mount fitting was deformed from the stud end of the lower right stanchion and displaced in a forward direction. A horizontally oriented tube is situated at the lower, back portion of the five seats, and it serves as an anchor for the lap belts. The tube was found displaced and buckled, and it was cracked at lap belt anchor point locations. The fractured areas of the horizontal tube were visually examined. Bell verbally reported that these areas exhibited bending overload signatures. (See the Safety Board's Survival Factors Group Chairman's Factual Report for additional details.) "The LAFD's safety officer performed an examination of the cabin's interior. In the LAFD's Survivability Factors report the officer opined that the decelerative forces experienced by several of the rear-seated crewmembers had resulted in their being displaced in forward and upward directions. In part, this resulted in their lap belt connection failures and body excursions into upper panel cockpit equipment. (For additional details, see the LAFD's Survivability Factors report.) Under the direction of the Safety Board's staff, Bell examined the crewmember seats and related structure at its Field Investigation Laboratory. Bell indicated in its Evaluation of 205 Seats report that the seats, lap belts, and their anchor points had separated from supportive structure due to the cabin's structural integrity being compromised during the impact sequence. Because, in part, of the design and location of the lap belts' anchor points, individual belts located adjacent to each other and sharing the same ring shaped anchor point, combined during impact to form a common belt thus supporting two crewmembers. Bell further opined that the seat assemblies were subjected to loads that exceeded their designed and certification strength values, which were based upon a single 170-pound occupant per each of the five seat places. (See the Bell Helicopter Evaluation of 205 Seats report for additional details.) Helmet Examination and Injury Mechanism. Gentex reported that the SPH-5 helmets were manufactured in accordance with their respective drawings. They functioned pursuant to their design specification requirements. Gentex's examination of the SPH-5 helmet bearing the name of the helitac who had been seated on the left side of the helicopter did not reveal any assembly discrepancies. A similar examination of the SPH-5 helmet from the right-seated helitac revealed that its custom fitted energy absorbing thermoplastic liner (TPL) had reduced thickness, contrary to drawing requirements. Gentex reported observing evidence that the TPL's outer 2 of its 5 layers had been removed after the helmet was shipped from the factory. In Gentex's "Operation and Maintenance Manual" personnel are warned not to remove the outer TPL layers or helmet stability will not be maintained. Gentex additionally reported that such removal could decrease the helmet's ability to absorb energy. Gentex verbally reported that its "Operation and Maintenance Manual" for these helmets was not provided to the ultimate helmet purchaser. Moreover, the aforementioned warning statement was not printed in any literature which accompanied the helmets to their end users. Regarding the model HGU-55/P helmet worn by the pilot, Gentex reported that it had fabricated the helmet's shell, the energy absorbing liner, and the custom fit TPL liner. However, additional components (such as the chinstrap, earpads, napepad) had been supplied by Flight Suits, which may have assembled the helmet. The TPL assembly was found with only 2 of the 5 layers required by the drawing. The custom fitting procedure appeared to have been accomplished by removing the layers rather than by following Gentex's specified procedure. (See Gentex's "Report for the National Transportation Safety Board" for additional details of its examinations.) The three helmets worn by the two surviving and one deceased crewmember were also examined for the Safety Board investigator by the Head Protection Research Laboratory (HPRL), in Los Angeles, California. Medical records and autopsy reports were reviewed to form a basis for evaluating the injury mechanism. Also, injury reduction countermeasures were suggested. (The HPRL provided the examination to the Safety Board without fee as a public service.) In partial summary, the HPRL opined that the HGU-55 helmet worn by the pilot provided minimal crash impact resistance. Due to its design, the impact energy was essentially without attenuation and contributed to the pilot's skull fractures and brain injury. Regarding the SPH-5 helmets worn by the helitacs, the HPRL reported that the helmet shell was barely capable of resisting impact forces.